1. Blocks:
Each block contains a list of transactions, a timestamp, and a reference to the previous block’s hash.
2. Hash Functions:
A cryptographic hash function converts input data into a fixed-size string of characters, which appears random. Any change in input produces a completely different hash.
3. Nodes:
Computers that participate in the blockchain network maintain copies of the ledger and validate transactions.
4. Consensus Mechanisms:
Protocols that ensure all nodes agree on the current state of the blockchain. Common mechanisms include:
Proof of Work (PoW): Requires solving complex mathematical problems.

5.Proof of Stake (PoS): Validates transactions based on the number of coins held.